PIANC Smart Rivers 2022

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Inland shipping forms a key aspect in the cargo transport model split in most countries. A growth in tonnage moved over water, could potentially significantly lower congestion in the other transportation modes. Allowing more, and larger, ships to sail on a dense network of inland waterways forms a means to scale up the inland shipping tonnage. As inland waterways are often bound by the local landscape and urban planning, expansion of these channels is usually not feasible within a reasonable timeframe. More ships sailing on existing waterways causes an increase in ship-ship encounters. The increase of ship sizes enlarges the hydrodynamic interaction effects. This paper specifically focusses on the magnitude of the interaction forces between passing and moored ships, in confined channels. 
An extensive physical scale model test program has been executed at the Towing Tank for Manoeuvres in Confined Water (Flanders Hydraulics Research in co-operation of Ghent University), where the interaction forces between sailing and moored ships were measured. The inland ship interaction program consisted of 435 unique interactions. Combinations of five different water depths and three channel widths have been examined, leading to ten different blockage values (the ratio between the midship area and cross section area of the waterway). The section with the largest blockage has a water depth 120% of the ships’ draft and a channel width of three times the breadth of the passing ship. For each blockage, a number of passing speeds and passing distances were executed. 
This unique test database serves as basis for a mathematical model, as well as for the validation of a numerical model. The mathematical model formulation is based on known physical insights in ship interaction effects. A regression analysis is performed to determine the regression coefficients. The model tests are also used to validate the results produced by the numerical tool RoPES [1]. This package is a fixed surface, potential flow solver, developed by Pinkster Hydrodynamics, in the framework of the Joint Industry Project ‘RoPES’. 
The results of this research can be used to support the use, at a very low computational cost, of RoPES for everyday study work. This includes the usage in inland shipping channel design, but also for a dedicated dynamic mooring analysis. The mathematical model formulation could also be implemented in the full mission bridge manoeuvring simulators of Flanders Hydraulics. In the latter application, these formula could also be applied to cases where (partly) autonomous shipping is pursued, as it will be part of the ship decision system on which speed and course can be attained without risking large effects on the moored ship.  
[1] Pinkster, J.A., Pinkster, H.J.M., ‘A fast, user-friendly, 3-D potential flow program for the prediction of passing vessel forces’, in PIANC World Congress San Francisco, USA, 2014.

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